Luiss Business School’s research proposes new classification systems to guide consumers through the hybrid vehicle jungle
A growing but confusing market
The Italian hybrid car market is expanding rapidly, with 762 hybrid versions across 244 models offered by 48 brands. Mild Hybrids dominate, accounting for 62.3% of the total. They’re followed by Plug-in Hybrids (27.6%), Full Hybrids (9.8%), and the rare Range Extenders (0.3%).
However, this wide variety often causes confusion. According to the Luiss Business School’s Auto and Mobility Observatory, the classification of hybrid cars is fragmented: 13 methods analyzed, 9 different parameters identified. Consumers and industry operators are often left disoriented.
The rise of the Middle Hybrid
Among the many Mild Hybrid models, a new category is emerging: the Middle Hybrid. These cars allow limited electric driving, especially at low speeds, even though they cannot be recharged externally. With 65 variants, they make up 14% of all Mild Hybrids in the market.
This highlights both the evolution of hybrid technology and the urgent need for clear, shared definitions.
Hybrid cars in Italy and Europe: the numbers
Non-rechargeable hybrid cars currently dominate the market:
- 44.9% of sales in Italy (January–April 2025)
- 35.9% in Europe (first quarter of 2025)
Most hybrids run on petrol (77%), followed by diesel (22%) and a small portion of GPL/petrol dual fuel (0.3%).
For Plug-in Hybrids, the average battery capacity is 20.3 kWh, with a pure electric range of 78.9 km.
Luiss Business School’s proposals
To bring order to this complex market, the Luiss Business School Observatory suggests two possible classification criteria:
In the short term, an objective index based on the “degree of electrification” of the hybrid system, considering the power of the electric motor, the power of the combustion engine, and the vehicle’s mass. These values are already available from homologation data.
In the medium term, a new approach could assess real-world road performance, especially how much the car drives in electric mode during urban cycles. Categories could be:
- Full Hybrid: 60% or more distance/time driven with combustion engine off
- Middle Hybrid: 30% to 59%
- Mild Hybrid: 0% to 29%
This second model is not yet applicable, as it requires regulatory and technical updates.
A necessary cultural shift
Andrea Cardinali, General Director of UNRAE, emphasizes that a standardized classification system across Europewould allow for easier market comparisons and clearer communication with consumers. The Luiss proposals are a step forward in this direction, promoting transparency and informed choices in a fast-changing industry.
A journey over 25 years
From the first prototypes to the launch of the Toyota Prius in 1997, the hybrid vehicle journey began over 25 years ago. The market has matured, and now it’s time for a shared vocabulary that can truly support the ecological transition.
10 frequently asked questions
1. What is a Mild Hybrid car?
A car with limited electric support that can’t drive on electricity alone.
2. What is a Middle Hybrid?
An advanced Mild Hybrid that can drive short distances on electricity at low speeds.
3. Do all hybrids plug in to charge?
No, only Plug-in Hybrids do.
4. What’s the difference between Full and Plug-in Hybrid?
Plug-ins have larger batteries that allow longer electric driving and can be recharged externally.
5. Are there diesel hybrids?
Yes, 22% of hybrid models use diesel.
6. How many hybrid cars are there in Italy?
762 variants across 244 models.
7. Are Range Extenders still available?
Yes, but they represent only 0.3% of the market.
8. How far do Plug-in Hybrids travel in electric mode?
About 79 km on average.
9. Why is unified classification important?
To make vehicle features more transparent and aid consumer choice.
10. When could the new system be implemented?
The objective index is ready; the real-world measurement needs more time.
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