Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common birth defects, with an estimated incidence of about 8 cases per 1000 live births. These heart defects arise from abnormal heart development during the embryonic period, and many babies are born with conditions that require urgent interventions in the first months of life. Nearly one in four babies born with CHD will need surgery or hemodynamic treatment soon after birth.
The Challenges of Malnutrition in Babies with Congenital Heart Defects
While many babies with congenital heart defects are born with a normal weight for their gestational age, a significant number develop malnutrition in the first months of life. This not only affects the baby’s growth but also directly impacts survival, increasing the risk of hospital infections, prolonged hospital stays, and complications during surgeries. The connection between malnutrition and mortality is strong, as a low weight at the time of heart surgery increases the risk of fatal outcomes.
The Importance of Adequate Nutrition
On the occasion of Congenital Heart Defects Awareness Day, the Italian Society of Neonatology (SIN) and the Italian Society of Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Defects (SICP) stress the importance of providing adequate nutrition for these vulnerable infants. Feeding difficulties arise from various factors, including increased energy needs due to the higher energy consumption of the heart and physical challenges such as fatigue during feeding or swallowing difficulties.
Breast Milk and Donated Human Milk: A Vital Resource
Breast milk is recognized as the ideal food for all newborns, especially those with congenital heart defects. It promotes food tolerance, supports gastrointestinal function, helps mature the immune system, and contributes to the formation of the intestinal microbiota, reducing the risk of infections like necrotizing enterocolitis. However, separation from the mother and the stressful environment of neonatal intensive care can hinder breastfeeding. In such cases, donated human milk is a valuable alternative, providing the same benefits.
Support and Education for Families
Feeding difficulties are common, but it is essential that families and healthcare professionals are well-informed and supported. Early initiation of feeding, even with small amounts of milk, is essential to meet energy goals for growth and reduce the risk of malnutrition. These interventions positively impact survival, quality of life, and long-term development for the children.
In conclusion, nutrition is a critical part of managing congenital heart defects, and early nutritional support can make a significant difference in these children’s lives.
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